Unpaid Seller and His Rights Under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930

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Introduction

The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 governs the sale and purchase of goods in India.
It lays down the rights and duties of buyers and sellers.

Among the important concepts under this Act is the “Unpaid Seller”.
The law provides specific rights and remedies to the unpaid seller to protect his interest if the buyer fails to pay the price.

In this assignment, we will study:

• Meaning of "Unpaid Seller"

• When a seller is considered "unpaid"

• Rights of an unpaid seller:

  • Against the goods

  • Against the buyer personally

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Part 1: Who is an Unpaid Seller?

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Definition under Section 45(1) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930

A seller is called an Unpaid Seller when:

1. The whole price has not been paid or tendered;
   OR

2. A bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument was given as conditional payment, but the buyer has dishonored it.

Thus, even if a small part of the price remains unpaid, the seller can be treated as an unpaid seller.

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Examples

• If the buyer does not pay the full price on the due date, the seller becomes an unpaid seller.

• If the buyer gives a cheque, and it bounces, the seller becomes unpaid.

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Essential Conditions to Become an Unpaid Seller

• There must be a valid contract for sale.

• The seller must have delivered or be ready to deliver the goods.

• The full price or a part must be unpaid.

• Payment by negotiable instrument must have failed if applicable.

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Part 2: Rights of an Unpaid Seller

The unpaid seller has two kinds of rights:

A. Rights Against the Goods

(Even if the property has passed to the buyer)

B. Rights Against the Buyer Personally

(For recovering the money)

Let us understand each in detail.

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A. Rights of an Unpaid Seller Against the Goods

The unpaid seller has three important rights against the goods:

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1. Right of Lien (Section 47–49)

Meaning

Lien means the right to retain possession of goods till the price is fully paid.

• The seller must be in possession of the goods.

• It is available when the buyer fails to pay.

When can the seller exercise lien?

• When goods are sold without any credit terms.

• When credit terms have expired.

• When the buyer becomes insolvent.

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Important Points about Lien

• Lien is available only for non-payment of the price (not other expenses).

• Lien is lost when goods are delivered to a carrier or buyer.

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Example

A sells a machine to B. B fails to pay. A can retain the machine and refuse delivery until payment.

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2. Right of Stoppage in Transit (Section 50–52)

Meaning

If goods have been handed over to a carrier for delivery to the buyer, but the buyer becomes insolvent before receiving them, the seller can stop the goods in transit.

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Conditions for Stoppage in Transit

• Seller must have parted with possession.

• Goods must still be in transit.

• Buyer must have become insolvent.

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How to Exercise this Right?

• By taking actual possession of goods, or

• By giving notice to the carrier to stop delivery.

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Example

A sends goods to B through a transporter. B becomes insolvent before receiving them. A can ask the transporter to stop the goods.

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3. Right of Resale (Section 54)

Meaning

An unpaid seller has the right to resell the goods under certain conditions:

• Goods are perishable, or

• Seller has given notice to the buyer and the buyer fails to pay within a reasonable time.

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Rules for Resale

• If the resale is done properly, the seller can recover loss from the buyer.

• If no notice is given and resale happens, the seller cannot claim damages.

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Example

A sells fresh fruits to B. B fails to pay. A can resell the fruits immediately without waiting.

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B. Rights of an Unpaid Seller Against the Buyer Personally

The seller has certain rights directly against the buyer also:

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1. Suit for Price (Section 55)

• If the ownership of goods has passed to the buyer and he refuses to pay, the seller can file a suit for the price.

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2. Suit for Damages for Non-Acceptance (Section 56)

• If the buyer wrongfully refuses to accept and pay for the goods, the seller can sue for damages caused.

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3. Suit for Repudiation (Section 60)

• If the buyer cancels the contract before the due date (anticipatory breach), the seller can immediately sue for damages.

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4. Suit for Interest

• The seller can claim interest on the unpaid price from the date of due payment if there is a specific agreement, or under the court’s discretion.

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Part 3: Loss of Rights of Unpaid Seller

The unpaid seller can lose his rights against the goods in the following cases:

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1. Loss of Lien

• When the goods are delivered to a carrier without reserving rights.

• When the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession.

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2. Loss of Stoppage in Transit

• When the goods reach the buyer.

• When the carrier acknowledges delivery to the buyer.

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3. Transfer of Property

• If the buyer sells the goods to a third party in good faith, the seller’s right may be lost.

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Part 4: Important Case Laws

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1. Schotsmans v. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Co.

• Held that if goods are accepted by the buyer or his agent, the right to stoppage in transit ends.

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2. Hirachand Punamchand v. Temple

• Explained that even if part payment is made, the seller remains an unpaid seller for the unpaid balance.

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Conclusion

The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 ensures fair protection to sellers by recognizing them as unpaid sellers when payment is not made in full.

The unpaid seller has important rights:

• Against the Goods like lien, stoppage in transit, and resale

• Against the Buyer Personally through suits for price, damages, and interest

Thus, these rights balance the risks in commercial transactions and ensure that sellers are not left helpless if buyers fail to pay.

Understanding the concept of unpaid seller and his rights is very important for anyone involved in commercial trade or legal practice.