Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law

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🔷 Introduction

• The Pure Theory of Law was introduced by Hans Kelsen, an Austrian legal philosopher.

• This theory is called “pure” because Kelsen wanted to study law without mixing it with politics, morality, religion, or sociology.

• According to him, law must be studied as it is (what law is), not what it should be.

Kelsen said law must be treated like a science, based on a clear and logical structure.

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🔶 Who was Hans Kelsen?

• Hans Kelsen (1881–1973) was a professor of law and a legal theorist.

• He was influenced by legal positivism (the idea that law is based on rules created by authority).

• He worked on the Austrian Constitution and also contributed to international law.

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🔷 What is the Pure Theory of Law?

• It is a positivist theory, which means it does not deal with justice, ethics, or political goals.

• The main aim is to understand:

  • What is law?

  • How is it structured?

  • How do legal norms work?

• Kelsen separates law from morals, just like science separates facts from opinions.

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🔶 Basic Features of Kelsen’s Pure Theory

1. Law is a Normative Science

• Law is a normative system, meaning it prescribes behavior (what we should or should not do).

• It is not descriptive like physics or biology.

• Example: Law says, “You must wear a helmet” – it tells you what you should do.

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2. Separation of Law and Morality

• Kelsen said law and morality are two different things.

• A law may be morally wrong but still valid, if made by a proper legal authority.

  • Example: A tax law may seem unfair but is still valid.

• Law should be judged by its source, not its fairness.

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3. Hierarchy of Norms (Normative Pyramid)

Kelsen explained that laws are arranged in a hierarchy, like a pyramid.

🔺 At the top: Grundnorm (Basic Norm)

• It is the fundamental rule from which all other laws get their authority.

• It is assumed, not written.

• Example: “The Constitution must be followed” – this is the basic norm in many countries.

🔻 Below that:

• Constitutional Law

• Statutory Laws (Acts/Legislations)

• Administrative Rules

• Individual Legal Commands (Court Orders, Penalties, etc.)

Each lower norm is valid because it follows a higher norm.

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4. Legal System is a Closed System

• Kelsen believed law is complete in itself.

• Judges must apply only legal rules without using personal opinions, moral values, or emotions.

• This ensures objectivity and neutrality.

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5. Sanctions are Part of Law

• Law includes penalties or punishments if rules are not followed.

• Example: If you don’t pay tax, you may be fined – this punishment is part of legal order.

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6. Law is Dynamic

• Legal norms are created and modified by following proper legal procedures.

• A law is valid only if it is made by a competent authority under a valid rule-making process.

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🔶 Illustration of Kelsen's Normative Hierarchy

Let’s imagine the Indian legal system using Kelsen’s hierarchy:

Level	Example in Indian Context
Grundnorm	The assumption that "The Constitution of India must be obeyed"
Constitutional Norms	Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles
Statutory Norms	IPC, CrPC, Environmental Protection Act
Administrative Norms	Government Orders, Circulars, Rules
Individual Norms	Court decisions, Police fines, Penalties

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🔷 Importance of Kelsen’s Theory

1. Makes Legal Study Scientific

   • Removes confusion between law and morality.

2. Provides a Clear Legal Structure

   • The hierarchy helps in understanding how laws are related and ordered.

3. Focuses on Validity, Not Justice

   • Makes it easier to check if a law is legally valid, no matter if it's just or unjust.

4. Influenced Modern Legal Systems

   • Many modern constitutions, especially in Europe, are based on his theory.

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🔶 Criticisms of Kelsen’s Theory

Point	Criticism
Too Abstract	Grundnorm is imaginary and not practical.
No Place for Morality	Ignores justice and ethical values, which are important for society.
Rigid Structure	Judges sometimes must use discretion and not just follow rules.
Not Useful in Real Cases	Actual law practice involves social, political, and moral factors.

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🔷 Difference Between Kelsen and Other Jurists

Kelsen	Austin	Natural Law Thinkers
Focuses on validity of law	Focuses on command by sovereign	Focus on justice and morality
Law is a normative system	Law is a command backed by sanction	Law is based on natural rights
Separates law and morality	Accepts law as sovereign’s will	Combines law and ethics

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🔶 Relevance in Today’s Legal World

• In constitutional democracies like India, we follow:

  • A hierarchy of norms (Constitution → Statutes → Rules).

  • Legal validity is checked based on source and procedure, not morality.

  • Judges interpret laws with reference to constitutional values, but also keep legality in mind – a balance between Kelsen and Natural Law.

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🔷 Conclusion

• Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law is an important contribution to legal positivism.

• It helps us understand law in a logical, structured, and scientific way.

• Even though it has some limitations, it influenced modern legal systems, especially constitutional democracies.

• For students of law, Kelsen’s theory is essential to learn how legal systems are built and maintained through proper norms and authority.

✅ In simple terms, Kelsen taught us what law is, not what law should be. This makes law clear, systematic, and free from confusion.