Standard Deductions

 Introduction

The concept of Standard Deductions is an important topic under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936. The Payment of Wages Act was enacted to regulate the payment of wages to certain classes of employed persons and to ensure that workers receive their wages regularly, on time, and without any unauthorized deductions. The Act protects workers from arbitrary and illegal deductions from their wages by employers.

The Act clearly defines what deductions are permissible (authorized) and what deductions are not permissible (unauthorized). These permissible deductions are commonly referred to as Standard Deductions because they are standardized and regulated by law.

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Meaning of Standard Deductions

Standard deductions are those deductions from wages that are specifically authorized under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936. No employer can make any deduction from the wages of an employee other than those expressly permitted under the Act. Any deduction not authorized by the Act is illegal and the employer can be penalized for making such deductions.

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Legal Provision — Section 7 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936

Section 7 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 is the key provision dealing with deductions from wages. It states that the wages of an employed person shall be paid to him without deductions of any kind except those authorized under the Act.

Section 7(2) lists the following authorized deductions:

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Types of Standard Deductions

1. Fines (Section 8) An employer can deduct a fine from the wages of a worker for acts of omission or commission specified by the employer with prior approval of the State Government. However:

• The total amount of fines in any wage period must not exceed 3% of wages
• No fine can be imposed on a worker below 15 years of age
• The fine must be recovered within 60 days of the act for which it is imposed
• All fines must be recorded in a register of fines

2. Deductions for Absence from Duty (Section 9) If a worker is absent from duty without authorization, the employer can deduct wages proportionate to the period of absence. However, if a group of workers act in concert to stay away from work (without proper notice), the deduction can be double the amount of wages for the absence period.

3. Deductions for Damage or Loss (Section 10) If a worker causes damage to goods entrusted to him or causes loss of money for which he is accountable, the employer can deduct the amount of damage or loss from his wages. However:

• The worker must be given an opportunity to show cause
• The deduction must not exceed the actual loss
• It must be recorded in a register of deductions

4. Deductions for Services Rendered (Section 11) Deductions can be made for house accommodation, light, water, medical attendance, or any other amenity or service provided by the employer, provided the State Government has authorized such deductions.

5. Deductions for Recovery of Advances (Section 12) If an advance of wages has been given to the worker, deductions can be made to recover such advance. However:

• No advance of more than one month's wages shall be given without prior permission
• The rate of recovery must not exceed one-fourth (25%) of wages per wage period

6. Deductions for Recovery of Loans (Section 12-A) Deductions can be made for recovery of loans granted to the worker from a welfare fund constituted for the benefit of workers, along with interest.

7. Deductions for Payments to Co-operative Societies (Section 13) Deductions can be made for payments to co-operative societies or for insurance schemes approved by the State Government, with the written authorization of the worker.

8. Deductions for Income Tax Deductions can be made for income tax payable by the employed person as per the Income Tax Act, 1961.

9. Deductions for Provident Fund Deductions can be made for contributions to the Employees' Provident Fund under the EPF Act, 1952.

10. Deductions for ESI Contributions Deductions can be made for contributions to the Employees' State Insurance scheme under the ESI Act, 1948.

11. Deductions for Payment to Insurance Schemes Deductions authorized by the worker in writing for payment to any life insurance scheme approved by the State Government.

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Limit on Total Deductions

Section 7(3) of the Payment of Wages Act places an important restriction on the total amount of deductions. It states that:

• The total deductions in any wage period must not exceed 50% of wages in ordinary cases
• In the case of deductions for payments to co-operative societies, the limit is 75% of wages

This ensures that the worker always receives at least half of his wages in hand.

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Important Case Law

In Kamani Metals and Alloys Ltd. v. Their Workmen (1967), the Supreme Court held that the Payment of Wages Act is a beneficial legislation and must be interpreted liberally in favour of workers. The court held that any deduction not expressly authorized by the Act is illegal and must be refunded to the worker.

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Conclusion

The provisions relating to standard deductions under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 strike a careful balance between the legitimate interests of employers and the right of workers to receive their full wages. By clearly defining what deductions are permissible and placing limits on the total amount of deductions, the Act ensures that workers are protected from exploitation and receive fair remuneration for their labour. These provisions are an essential component of India's labour welfare framework.